Spotlight on stylometric text analysis: Difference between revisions

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==Stylometry==
Different authors have different writing styles. Like the lenght of words and sentence, the frequencies of word, the frequencies of word forms, the richness of vocabulary, the use of punctuation and on. The author can also have preferences for certain spelling variants or using certain expressions.
Different authors have different writing styles. Like the lenght of words and sentence, the frequencies of word, the frequencies of word forms, the richness of vocabulary, the use of punctuation and on. The author can also have preferences for certain spelling variants or using certain expressions.


Stylometry is the study of measurable features of style.  
Stylometry is the study of measurable features of style.  
 
==Analysis==
==The Story of the Phantom==
===The Avon Novels===
The Story of the Phantom is a series of 15 novels, published by Avon Publications in the U.S. from 1972 to 1975, based on Lee Falk's Phantom stories.  
[[Spotlight on Adapted Novels: The Phantom - Flash Gordon - Mandrake the Magician|The Story of the Phantom]] is a series of 15 novels, published by Avon Publications in the U.S. from 1972 to 1975, based on Lee Falk's Phantom stories. When released the adaptor of issues 2 and 10 was not credited, and issue 15 was credited as Carson Bingham. Lee Falk did correct this using an ''"Author's note"'' in the books.
 
{| {{table}}  
{| {{table}}  
!Adapted by !!issues !!note  
!Adapted by !!issues !!note  
|-
|-
| Basil Copper || 2, 3 || #2 The adaptor is not credited
| [[Lee Falk]] || 1, 6, 9, 12, 15 || #15 is wrongly credited as Carson Bingham
|-
|-
| Carson Bingham || 14 ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Copper Basil Copper] || 2, 3 || #2 The adaptor is not credited
|-
|-
| Frank S. Shawn || 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 || #10 The adaptor is not credited
| Frank S. Shawn ''(pen name of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Goulart Ron Goulart])''  || 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 || #10 The adaptor is not credited
|-
|-
| Lee Falk || 1, 6, 9, 12, 15 || #15 is wrongly credited as Carson Bingham
| [http://mysteryfile.com/blog/?p=403 Warren Shanahan] || 13 ||
|-
|-
| Warren Shanahan || 13 ||
| Carson Bingham ''(pen name of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Cassiday Bruce Cassiday])'' || 14 ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


When released the adaptor of issues 2 and 10 was not credited, and issue 15 was credited as Carson Bingham. Lee Falk did correct this using an ''"Author's note"' in the books.
[[Spotlight on stylometric text analysis - The Avon Novels|The analysis]]


===Analysis===
===Fratelli Spada - Prose stories===
Stylometric analysis to see if Lee Falk's correction in the ''"Author's note"'' can been confirmed.
The [[Spotlight on stylometric text analysis - Fratelli Spada - Prose stories|Fratelli Spada - Prose stories]]
*JGAAP = Java Graphical Authorship Attribution Program
*MFW - most frequent words
*MFC - most frequent characters
*n-Grams - Sample for character 2-grams: The Phantom said = th,he,e , p,ph,ha,an,nt, etc. Sample for word 2-grams: Hello, the Phantom said = hello the,the phantom,phantom said, etc.
*Corpus - collection of text. Here the 15 novels, from chapter 1 to the end of the novel.
====JGAAP====
The novels were prepared adding the novels to each of the authors, leaving issues 2, 10 and 15 as unknown authors.
Using character 4-grams with nearest neighbor driver with metric Cosine Distance, issues 2, 10 and 15 were compared to the known authors.


The result were that the most likly author for: #2 is Basil Cooper, #10 is Frank S Shawn and #15 is Lee Falk.
===King Comics stories===
====RStudio====
The [[Spotlight on stylometric text analysis - King Comics stories|King Comics stories]]
The novels were put into one corpus folder.
Two analysis were done: first 100-1000 MFW 2-gram and the second 100-1000 MFC 4-grams. Both using the Boostrap Consensus Tree. 


The result grouping the novels according to the table above, confirming Lee Falk's correction in the ''"Author's note"''.
===WWII===
<gallery>
Without giving further details, [[Alfred Bester]] told that he ghosted Falk’s strips during the [[Spotlight on Lee Falk - The WWII Years|WWII]] years. Lee Falk worked for OWI early 1942 to August 1943. He then wrote the [[Spotlight on Lee Falk - Other writings - Passionate Congressman|"Passionate Congressman"]] and several scripts for his newspaper characters, before
Image:RStudio-Avon-01.jpg|''MFW 2-gram''
he was enlisted as private in the army in March 1944 (to about mid 1945).  
Image:RStudio-Avon-02.jpg|''MFC 4-gram''
</gallery>
Interesting the analysis grouping issues 13 and 14 with statistic similar style.  


==Short stories and an one act drama==
====The Phantom Sundays====
===Analysis===
The text in the comic strips are a bit different than the previous novels. In the novels the dialogues looking about this: "Hello," said the Phantom. But in the Sunday stories the speech bubble are more like this: Hello!
In this analysis the corpus consists of 5 texts by Lee Falk: two short stories: "[[Spotlight on Lee Falk - Other writings - The Picture Man|The Picture Man]]" ''(1937)'' and "[[Spotlight on Lee Falk - Other writings - Time is Money|Time is Money]]" ''(1975)'', an one act drama: [[Spotlight on Lee Falk - Other writings - Eris|Eris]] ''(1966)'', and two of the Phantom novels: issue 1 ''(1972)'' and issue 15 ''(1975)''.  
{| {{table}}
In addition 5 texts by Ron Goulart: three short stories: "Shandy" ''(1958)'', "Ignatz" ''(1960)'' and "Subject to Change" ''(1960)'' and two Phantom novels (pen name Frank S. Shawn in this series) issue 4 ''(1973)'' and issue 11 ''(1974)''.
!PS !!Start !!Finish !!Weeks !!Story Title !!note
 
|-
The corpus is is a mix of different genres: 4 novels with the Phantom as the main character, 4 science fiction short stories, one mystery /science fiction short story and one drama.
| ps-002 || 22.10.1939 || 10.03.1940 || 21 || "The Precious Cargo of Colonel Winn" ||
 
|-
====RStudio====
| ps-003 || 17.03.1940 || 21.07.1940 || 19 || "The Fire Goddess" ||
The text were put into one corpus folder. Two analysis were done: first 100-1000 MFW 2-gram and the second 100-1000 MFC 4-grams. Both Cluster Analysis using Cosine delta.  
|-
| ps-004 || 28.07.1940 || 29.12.1940 || 23 || "The Beachcomber" ||
|-
| ps-005 || 05.01.1941 || 23.02.1941 || 8  || "The Saboteurs" ||
|-
| ps-006 || 02.03.1941 || 22.02.1942 || 52 || "The Return of the Sky Band" ||
|-
| ps-007 || 01.03.1942 || 11.10.1942 || 33 || "The Impostor" || ''at OWI''
|-
| ps-008 || 18.10.1942 || 18.04.1943 || 27 || The Marshall Sisters Pt.1: "Castle in the Clouds" || ''at OWI''
|-
| ps-009 || 25.04.1943 || 04.07.1943 || 11 || The Marshall Sisters Pt.2: "The Ismani Cannibals" || ''at OWI''
|-
| ps-010 || 11.07.1943 || 25.06.1944 || 51 || The Marshall Sisters Pt.3: "Hamid the Terrible" || '' at OWI''
|-
| ps-011 || 02.07.1944 || 07.01.1945 || 28 || "The Childhood of the Phantom" || ''in the army''
|-
| ps-012 || 14.01.1945 || 24.06.1945 || 24 || "The Golden Princess" || ''in the army''
|-
| ps-013 || 01.07.1945 || 02.12.1945 || 23 || "The Strange Fisherman" || ''in the army'' ?
|-
| ps-014 || 09.12.1945 || 17.03.1946 || 15 || "Queen Pera the Perfect" ||
|-
|}
=====Using R=====
The text from the Sundays (2-14) were put into one corpus folder. Two analysis were done: first 0-902 MFW 2-gram and the second 0-902 MFC 3-grams. Both using the Boostrap Consensus Tree.


The result for the MFW 2-grams grouping all stories close in writing style. The MFC 3-grams shows a slightly larger variation, but this is most likely due to the ammount of dialogues from different characters in the stories.


The analysis shows no clear indication that anyone other than Lee Falk was the author of these stories.
<gallery>
Image:RStudio-wwII-ps-01.jpg|''MFW 2-gram''
Image:RStudio-wwII-ps-02.jpg|''MFC 3-gram''
</gallery>




[[Category: Spotlight on|Stylometry]]
[[Category: Spotlight on|Stylometry]]

Latest revision as of 15:16, 30 December 2022

Stylometry

Different authors have different writing styles. Like the lenght of words and sentence, the frequencies of word, the frequencies of word forms, the richness of vocabulary, the use of punctuation and on. The author can also have preferences for certain spelling variants or using certain expressions.

Stylometry is the study of measurable features of style.

Analysis

The Avon Novels

The Story of the Phantom is a series of 15 novels, published by Avon Publications in the U.S. from 1972 to 1975, based on Lee Falk's Phantom stories. When released the adaptor of issues 2 and 10 was not credited, and issue 15 was credited as Carson Bingham. Lee Falk did correct this using an "Author's note" in the books.

Adapted by issues note
Lee Falk 1, 6, 9, 12, 15 #15 is wrongly credited as Carson Bingham
Basil Copper 2, 3 #2 The adaptor is not credited
Frank S. Shawn (pen name of Ron Goulart) 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 #10 The adaptor is not credited
Warren Shanahan 13
Carson Bingham (pen name of Bruce Cassiday) 14

The analysis

Fratelli Spada - Prose stories

The Fratelli Spada - Prose stories

King Comics stories

The King Comics stories

WWII

Without giving further details, Alfred Bester told that he ghosted Falk’s strips during the WWII years. Lee Falk worked for OWI early 1942 to August 1943. He then wrote the "Passionate Congressman" and several scripts for his newspaper characters, before he was enlisted as private in the army in March 1944 (to about mid 1945).

The Phantom Sundays

The text in the comic strips are a bit different than the previous novels. In the novels the dialogues looking about this: "Hello," said the Phantom. But in the Sunday stories the speech bubble are more like this: Hello!

PS Start Finish Weeks Story Title note
ps-002 22.10.1939 10.03.1940 21 "The Precious Cargo of Colonel Winn"
ps-003 17.03.1940 21.07.1940 19 "The Fire Goddess"
ps-004 28.07.1940 29.12.1940 23 "The Beachcomber"
ps-005 05.01.1941 23.02.1941 8 "The Saboteurs"
ps-006 02.03.1941 22.02.1942 52 "The Return of the Sky Band"
ps-007 01.03.1942 11.10.1942 33 "The Impostor" at OWI
ps-008 18.10.1942 18.04.1943 27 The Marshall Sisters Pt.1: "Castle in the Clouds" at OWI
ps-009 25.04.1943 04.07.1943 11 The Marshall Sisters Pt.2: "The Ismani Cannibals" at OWI
ps-010 11.07.1943 25.06.1944 51 The Marshall Sisters Pt.3: "Hamid the Terrible" at OWI
ps-011 02.07.1944 07.01.1945 28 "The Childhood of the Phantom" in the army
ps-012 14.01.1945 24.06.1945 24 "The Golden Princess" in the army
ps-013 01.07.1945 02.12.1945 23 "The Strange Fisherman" in the army ?
ps-014 09.12.1945 17.03.1946 15 "Queen Pera the Perfect"
Using R

The text from the Sundays (2-14) were put into one corpus folder. Two analysis were done: first 0-902 MFW 2-gram and the second 0-902 MFC 3-grams. Both using the Boostrap Consensus Tree.

The result for the MFW 2-grams grouping all stories close in writing style. The MFC 3-grams shows a slightly larger variation, but this is most likely due to the ammount of dialogues from different characters in the stories.

The analysis shows no clear indication that anyone other than Lee Falk was the author of these stories.

  • MFW 2-gram

  • MFC 3-gram

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